Risk Management for Insurance Companies - 572 Words

Identify progress in moving beyond the fundamental problems There are changes that insurance companies must undertake, not just to survive, but to succeed in today’s market. One of those changes is how the business manages risks. Risk management was listed by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, as one of the top insurance industry issues for 2013 (Top Insurance Issues, 2013). Risk management for insurance companies â€Å"is the process by which companies systematically identify, measure and manage the various types of risk inherent within their operations† (Risk Management, 2013). One of the objectives for sound risk management program is the ability to manage the exposure of the business to capital volatility and potential earnings. Despite the fact that not all risks may be removed, businesses still must identify, assess, control, and mitigate risks. A comprehensive risk management program allows organizations to identify and quantify their risks and to set risk tolerances based on corporate objectives. According to Risk Management (2 013), risk management tools and practices across the insurance industry have advanced significantly in recent years. Implementation of risk management programs, which include models for economic capital, catastrophe management and hedging programs have helped the insurance industry to respond to the ever changing risk dynamics. The insurance industry should take note of predictions made by climatologist and meteorologists for the increase in futureShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges Facing Administration Motor Insurance Management and Operational Risk in Kenyan Insurance Company15608 Words   |  63 PagesThe challenges facing administration Motor Insurance management and operational risk in Kenyan Insurance Company Presented by Moses Mbwika- 11-909 Dr. Peter Ngure Paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the course BUS 611: Business Research Methods Daystar University Nairobi, Kenya 29th April 2012 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background of the study Although the exact date of birth of the insurance industry in East Africa is not known, there is evidence that the first marineRead MoreThe Last Contributing Factor To The Success Of Car Insurance1346 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess of car insurance companies is their risk management in making investments. In fact, in 2012, insurance companies had $5.4 trillion in investment assets (Rocca). As previously stated, car insurance companies have only two sources of income: premiums generated by customers and the capital gain from investing those premiums (Hussain). In fact, without gains from investments, many car insurance companies would go out of business. Therefore, it is absolutely essential that these companies are able toRead MoreRisk Management Article Review1028 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial Risk Management by Insurers Chris XXXXXX MBA 602 – Risk Managment    Original Work Statement: I, Chris XXXXXX, verify that this article review is solely my own work and creation and it has been prepared solely for credit in this class.    Article Citation: http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.bellevue.edu/docview/235932288/13BC81292F940B27246/43?accountid=28125 Financial Risk Management by Insurers: An Analysis of the Process: ABSTRACT Santomero, AnthonyRead MoreEvent Management; Legal and Ethical Responsibilites with Respect to Risk Management685 Words   |  3 Pageswith respect to risk management The theme Ethics and Risk Management signifies that each of these two disciplines—risk management and ethics—depends on the other. Good risk management requires good ethics; and good ethics requires good risk management. This implies that, from a positive perspective: †¢ First, for an organization/company to manage its risks well, everyone who represents that organization/company must practice good ethics. †¢ Second, for an organization/company to act ethicallyRead MoreCase Management : The And Public Image1606 Words   |  7 PagesClaims management is a vital component of how a business will remain it successful in an ever changing market. Claims management can be simply defined as the transactional handling of a company s insurance claims (Company). Merely understanding how to file a claim with an insurance provider is not what claims managers do. Claims managers go far beyond just filing a claim; companies such as Insurica are protectors of company’s profit and public image. Insurica is an insurance management network thatRead MoreExamples Of Risk Management727 Words   |  3 PagesExposure to a variety of risks is inevitable for an organization like Secura. To help them prepare for the risks is crucial. 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A thorough program involves planning, organizing, leading and controlling the resources of the bank in order to achieve the organization’sRead MoreHoneywell1271 Words   |  6 PagesMultibillion dollar company, operating in 95 countries and is a pioneer in the field of control system and industrial appliances. With revenue over $7.3 Billion and income above $400 Million (December 1996), the company was exposed to several types of risk as it operated in a global territory. Previously, the company had a much compartmentalised approach to risk management, with individual departments managing individual risks pertaining to them. For instance, currency risks were hedged using futuresRead MoreRisk Management Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesRisk management is the term applied to a logical and systematic method of establishing the context, identifying, analyzing, evaluating, treating, monitoring and communicating risks associated with any activity, function or process in a way that will enable organizations to minimize losses and maximize opportunities. (Lecture notes)Risk Management is also described as all the things you need to do to make the future sufficiently certain. (The NZ Society for Risk Management, 2001) The goal forRead MoreHoneywell1299 Words   |  6 PagesMultibillion dollar company, operating in 95 countries and is a pioneer in the field of control system and industrial appliances. With revenue over $7.3 Billion and income above $400 Million (December 1996), the company was exposed to several types of risk as it operated in a global territory. Previously, the company had a much compartmentalised approach to risk management, with individual departments managing individual risks pertaining to them. For instance, currency risks were hedged using futures

Article Review for Human Growth and Development - 821 Words

Journal: Foster, J. D. Campbell, W. K. (October 2005). Narcissism and resistance to doubts about partners., Journal of Research in Personality, 39 (5), 550-557. Purpose: Research has been consistent regarding the interpersonal relationships of narcissists. Several lines of research on dating relationships suggest that narcissism is linked to lower relationship commitment which can cause relationships to function less effectively. Foster’s and Campbell’s research dissects those previous findings and sets a new precedence. Although narcissism is generally associated with lower relationship functioning, Foster and Campbell attempt to prove how narcissism can be beneficial. Method: The research method used by Foster and Campbell†¦show more content†¦Similar interactions were found with each of the variables that formed the Relationship Dysfunction variable (Foster Campbell, 2005). The results based on the findings conclude there is a situation where narcissism can be beneficial to relationship functioning. The findings seem to hold true especially in the short-term for narcissist. Discussions: The ease at which narcissist were able to complete the positive commitment task highlights the self-enhancing response to a threat most associated with narcissism. It is suggested in the research that when circumstances encourage doubts about the commitment of one’s romantic partner, narcissist may be at their best. This can be extremely beneficial in relationships for a short term because a narcissist’s self-absorption or self-love will not permit them to fathom such preconceived notions. Although such egotism may benefit the relationship in the long run, it ultimately will give way to dysfunction. Foster and Campbell (2005) also found that when there is less reason to doubt the commitment of one’s romantic partner, which may be more typical than situations that promote doubt, narcissists function more poorly. They say that is why narcissism may be associated with poor relationship. Implications: Although there is a lot of evidence supporting that relationships with narcissist suffer, research scenarios in which personality constructs that are typically at odds with highShow MoreRelatedHuman Breast Milk : A Review On Its Composition And Bioactivity1481 Words   |  6 PagesThe article â€Å"Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity† was found on the database called CINAHL complete. The terms â€Å"breast milk† and â€Å"health† were used during the search. The abstract of the article is the following: â€Å"Breast milk is the perfect nutrition for infants, a result of millions of years of evolution, finely attuning it to the requirements of the infant. Breast milk contains many complex proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, the concentrations of which alter dramaticallyRead MoreProfessional Development : An Exploration Of Their Relationships By Integrating Literature And Interview Data1241 Words   |  5 Pagescontinuing professional development: An exploration of their relationships by integrating literature and interview data. Nurse Education Today, 38, 22-28. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.01.004 By means of a qualitative study, the research offered by Pool, Poell, Berings, and ten Cate, explores, defines, and expounds on the topic of continued education as it relates to new and established professionals. The purpose of this study was to understand how professional development and motivation are relatedRead MoreHuman Resource Development : China1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe emergence of People’s Republic of China in the last two decades has been remarkable. 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Though Malthus’ message caused the field of economics to be coined, â€Å"the dismal science† (EfficiencyRead MoreThomas Malthus—Section Summary1487 Words   |  6 Pagespredictions have proven to be wrong...† (Efficiency and Equity 211). However, though his calculations have proven to be wrong because he could not accurately account for the technological advances that would make food production keep apace of population growth, in many respects, in under-developed or undeveloped countries, the substance of his predictions, if not his calculations, have proven to be accurate. Though Malthus’ message caused the field of economics to be coined, â€Å"the dismal science† (EfficiencyRead MoreBibliiography Regarding Economy Topics1076 Words   |  4 PagesAidoo, Richard 2009 Review of The Trouble with Aid: Why Less Could Mean More for Africa, and: The Trouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn’t Working. Africa Today 56(2): 97-101 Aidoo expands on Jon Glennie’s scope of the discussion regarding aid implementation in Africa. He takes into account other prevalent work and analyzes the debate as a whole. The issue, on which people readily take sides, he contends is often too simplistically portrayed, often leading to poor solutions, typically in the

Exploitation of Women in Music Essay Example For Students

Exploitation of Women in Music Essay In popular music today, there is a significant increase in sexualized representation of women. There are many social and political implications when listening to songs on the radio, online, on TV, etc. There is a lot of talk about whether this hyper-sexualization is empowering or exploitive. There is also conversation to be had about masculinity and how men in music have power and control over female bodies. The female body is somewhat of a performance site through which male dominance is subverted. It is a tough conversation surrounding which examples of popular culture are empowering to women in the sense that they are claiming their bodies to reconstruct gender identity and sexualization or if dominant male forces and cultural ideologies always counter this. By using textual analysis and ideology, I looked at examples of popular culture such as music videos and song lyrics. There are examples of empowering sexualization in this new feminist era such as Beyonce and Nicki Minaj, but I will focus on exploitation of women bodies by male artists. Most representations and portrayals of women in music are sexualized and exploitive. Some music videos in popular culture featuring a male artist take advantage of women and assert power and control of their bodies. Music videos are now central to popular culture and media industries. Instead of just playing on MTV, music videos have spread to airing on multiple channels as well as across musical genres. â€Å"They have moved from the margins of the culture and relative innocence to its very center and it’s caldron of controversy around the nature of the sexual imagery that came to define it as a genre† (Sut Jhally, Dreamworlds 3). When looking at music videos, I took a textual analysis approach. I looked at how certain music videos conveyed specific ideologies of gender and sexuality. Douglas Kellner, author of â€Å"Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism and Media Culture† defines ideologies as â€Å"ideas or images that construct the superiority of one class or group over others and this reproduce and legitimate different forms of social domination† (Kellner 13). While keeping this in mind, I looked at two recent music videos. Maroon 5 released a music video to their new song â€Å"Animals† in September. The lyrics are extremely interesting and problematic in the sense that they describe a stalking situation in which Levine sings, â€Å"Baby I’m preying on you tonight / Hunt you down, eat you alive / Just like animals, animals, like animals-mals† (Maroon 5, Animals). Also in the song, Levine sings about a woman who wants to stay away from him, but can’t because her attraction is too strong for him to handle. The music video portrays Levine as a meat butcher where a customer (that he stalks in the video) comes and orders meat. Levine is seen outside the customers’ apartment taking pictures and he has a whole room set up with pictures of her he has taken. Levine is also covered in blood and hanging out in a dark, gritty room with slabs of meat hanging from the ceiling. Later in the video, Levine approaches the customer at a bar and she rejects him, leading to a fantasy montage of them in bed together, naked and kissing. This music video is a negative portrayal of women as it sexualizes stalking and exploits a woman’s body. The group is using the idea of animals as a metaphor for hetero-normative desire. However, this ideal paired with the video’s stalker fantasy, the audience can determine the message as violent where the female object of Levine’s desire is threatened, endangered, and powerless. This is just another man in popular music assuming he already knows what a woman wants and that she needs him. With the stalking complex on screen, this reinforces male dominance. Levine is portraying a man who thinks he owns this woman, or that just because he likes her, he deserves to have her. .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 , .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .postImageUrl , .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 , .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713:hover , .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713:visited , .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713:active { border:0!important; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713:active , .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713 .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2d0ec8b738a7bee22acda45a085ec713:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Look at the sources - Were the Beatles were the most popular group in Britain? EssayMen’s thinking they have control over women has been an on-going problem in this society and Maroon 5’s music video strengthens this social dominance and construct the superiority of men over women. No one should ever confuse stalking, a criminal act, with romance and love. Plenty of music video in popular culture perpetuate male dominate and hyper-sexualize women and the lyrics that go along with them are as, if not more, disturbing. Music created by male artists exploit and sexualizes women’s bodies when the lyrical content includes sexual assault. When looking at lyr ics, I looked at Croteau and Hoynes’s ideas surrounding ideology. They define ideology as â€Å"a system of meaning that helps define and explain the world and that makes value judgments about that world† (152). They go on and say how ideologies don’t have to reflect reality accurately and can often present a distorted version of the world. â€Å"When Marxists speak of ideology, they often mean belief systems that help justify the actions of those in power by distorting and misrepresenting reality† (153). Basically talking about what these messages tell us about our society. Eminem recently released a new track titled â€Å"Vegas†. The verse mentioned Nicki Minaj and Iggy Azalea, and alluded to rape. You’re lucky just to follow my ride/ If I let you run alongside the Humvee, unless you’re Nicki/ Grab you by the waist, let’s ski/ So what’s it gon’ be? / Put that shit away, Iggy/ You gon’ blow that rape whistle on me,† (Eminem, Vegas). Also Eminem has rapped that he would like to â€Å"punch Lana Del Ray right in the face twice like Ray Rice,† (Eminem, Freestyle Rap). These lyrics make it seem like rape and sexual assault is acceptable in this society. This belief system that rape is acceptable justifies the actions of Eminem because he is in power, distorting and misrepresenting reality. Eminem is reinforcing the belief that rape is acceptable by using his power in the entertainment industry and popular culture. The lyrics are exploitive to women because they objectify and degrade the woman body. Rape is also about control and controlling women in music is also exploitive of women. Another example of rape in musical lyrics is Robin Thicke’s â€Å"Blurred lines†. The lyrics glamourize violence against women and reinforce rape myths with examples such as â€Å"Nothing like your last guy / He don’t smack that ass and pull your hair like that† (Robin Thicke, Blurred Lines). These lyrics objectify and degrade a woman’s body by using misogynistic language and imagery. If the lyrics are more closely looked at, there are certain lines that are explicit examples of sexually violent activity that reinforce victim blaming, such as a woman giving â€Å"mixed signals† through clothing and behavior. These lyrics also make it seem like rape and sexual assault are acceptable in this society, so artists keep singing about it and people in are society keep committing acts of sexual assault. This belief system that rape is acceptable justifies Robin Thicke’s song because, like Eminem, he is in a powerful position in the entertainment industry and popular culture. There are masses of people that listen to his music for the sake that it is a catchy song and do not realize the harmful lyrics that accompany it. Without critical analysis of his lyrics, people of this society will continue to see rape and sexual assault as acceptable. â€Å"Blurred Lines† is also exploitive to women bodies in the sense that he is using them as objects. Thicke doesn’t think what he is singing about is wrong and he doesn’t consider how the woman feels in this situation at all. This is a highly sexualized song, but not in an empowering way. Thicke probably thinks the song is empowering for women because there are definitely good examples of taking back sexualization such as Beyonce and Nicki Minaj. Thicke songs â€Å"tried to domesticate you/ But you’re an animal, baby it’s in your nature† (Robin Thicke, Blurred Lines). The whole song is about domestication and it is not about women exposing their bodies for their own amusement and empowerment, but for Thicke’s. .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 , .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .postImageUrl , .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 , .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718:hover , .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718:visited , .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718:active { border:0!important; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718:active , .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718 .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2adc50203940f82be9bdcec3929a3718:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music of the Baroque Period Essay SummaryMost representations and portrayals of women in music are sexualized and exploitive. Especially today there is a spike in sexualized representation of women. Whether this sexualization is empowering or exploitive is debatable. Male dominance is subverted through the female body to maintain control and this is an ideology that society holds. By looking at music videos and lyrics by Maroon 5, Eminem, and Robin Thicke, I was able to conclude that most music created by white cis-male men is exploitative to the woman body. I did not look at gender non-conforming men or male artists of color, so I cannot say whether their music is exploitative to the female body. While not all music is exploitative to women, I think sexualization coming from female artists can be deemed empowering. Artists such as Beyonce and Nicki Minaj are claiming their bodies to reconstruct gender identity and sexualization. I think dominant male forces and cultural ideologies don’t have to counter this always if women come together and reclaim our sexual identities. Bibliography: Croteau and Hoynes. â€Å"Media and Ideology.† 2014. Goodman, Jessica. Iggy Azalea Slams Eminem And His Offensive Lyrics. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 21 Nov. 2014. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Jhally, Sut. Dreamworlds 3 (Abridged) Desire, Sex Power in Music Video. (n.d.): n. pag. Media Education Foundation. Media Education Foundation, 2007. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Kellner, Douglas. â€Å"Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism, and Media Culture. Gender, Race and Class in Media. 2015. Maroon 5 Animals. YouTube. YouTube, 29 Sept. 2014. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Robin Thicke Blurred Lines Ft. T.I., Pharrell. YouTube. YouTube, 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 23 Nov. 2014.

Organisation Theory Case Study Essay Example

Organisation Theory Case Study Paper Organisation Theory Case Study – Motivation at the Bradley Clothing Company The personnel manager of the Bradley Clothing Company, Alice Johnson thinks the theories of Maslow and Herzberg are very suitable for the management; therefore, she put the theory into practice. The outcome is not what she expected, so this is the main discussion point about the relationship between theory and reality. The theories of Maslow and Herzberg are surely worthy to be the reference for implementation, but there are still some theories which assist and support these two theories to make it more complete, and it is also very important to take this into consideration. In the following, I am going to discuss the combination of those theories and the practical method for execution. Content Theories of Motivation The theory was developed by Abraham Maslow (1943, 1954, 1971), and his main argument was on the resolution between drives and motives and he claimed we have nine intrinsic needs. During the nine needs, from the basic biological requirements to the highest hierarchy self actualization and it really pointed out the progress of needs from human beings. However, the process could be stopped by any levels, and besides, maybe it is too vague for the Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Theory Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Theory Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Theory Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Johnson to predict the behaviour from the employees of the company because there are different positions of jobs which have different working content. Although the Marlow’s theory still offers the correct concept, the situation nowadays may need some adjustment. The theory is was more of a social philosophy which reflected white American middle-class value, so it cannot cover all the conditions. Clayton Alderfer (1972) claimed the ERG theory which included existence, relatedness and growth needs. Alderfer’s theory could be linked to the Maslow’s theory which is biological and safety needs, affiliation needs, and self-actualization and self-esteem needs. It simplified the process of the Maslow’s theory and directed at organizational settings because Maslow was not intentionally concerned with work motivation. Actually, if Alice can take this as her basic idea for the different levels of needs, it will be easier to categorise. Although Alice took the idea from Maslow, it is newer to adapt he ERG theory, besides it also related to the original Marlow’s theory. This is the fundamental part of staff’s needs, and only figure out the source of the needs, it is possible to continue the following steps. Then, here is two quotes which was from Sheila Ritchie and Peter Martin (1999) that ‘the task of the manager is to find out what it is that motivates people’ and ‘make them smile more and carp less’. There are twelve motivational drivers and for the Bradley Clothing Company, clothing designers need to be self-development, social contact and relationships. It is because the clothing designers are satisfied with the status quo and they feel happy about the current achievement, and this could be a concern afterwards. If they just think they do not have to make in progress, the ability of competence must be going down and it will be very easy to lose to the other competitors, so they have to have the kind of self-awareness which is similar to self-development and remind themselves to keep improved continuously and the manager could show the work from other companies to motivate the designers to have better performance. For the other employees such as cutters, seamsters, pressers, and packagers, it should focus on recognition, variety and change and money and tangible rewards. The jobs they are responsible for is replaceable, but as a good company, it should take care of all the employees and that is why they are the partners in the company. Besides, although it is hard to let them feel their job full of variety, the company still can educate them that try to take every different piece of clothes as the new work and maybe they just do not appreciate what they do. In this way, if they could think what they do is also very important part of the process, it might be higher their self-esteem and try to feel the variety and change for themselves. The most practical way to motivate those employees is to raise their salary and offer tangible rewards, but maybe this could be difficult to do this, because Mrs. Johnson thinks that the company’s wage and salary levels were among the best in the industry. I think if it could not enhance the encouragement for the employees, the item of money and tangible awards can be taken into consideration. ‘Marlow’s is a universalist theory, which applies to everyone, and thus cannot readily explain differences between individuals and between cultures’ (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1985) This is the reason why it is necessary to consider the other three process theories of work motivation, equity theory, expectancy theory, and goal setting theory. Equity Theory The equity theory is fom Stacy Adams (1963, 1965). The definition of equity theory is that based on our perceptions of fair treatment. It is normal to find out the argument among the employees that why they do not get the same wage even they do the same thing and they compare the rewards (pay, recognition) and contributions (time, effort, ideas). For the Bradley Clothing Company, if they have the well system about the management of the salary and the workload, it will not be a big problem for them at this stage. On the other hand, it is essential to avoid the inequity to the employees, because it is hard to convince them and it is even harder to ask them work better. The formula for equity theory: my rewards (minus my costs)/ my effort and contribution = your rewards (minus your costs) / your effort and contribution. According to the equity theory, the rewards could be either tangible or intangible and the importance falls on equal treatment and avoids the unfair distribution because the inequity would definitely decrease the motivation. Expectancy Theory The American psychologist Victor Vroom (1964) developed the expectancy theory of work motivation, based on three concepts: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy. There is obvious explanation that if you work harder, you will expect you get more rewards. The same principle to the realistic situation and it is that the employees always think the more they work, and the more they get. ‘Expectancy theory helps to explain individual differences in motivation and behaviour, unlike Maslow’s universal content theory of motivation. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1985) Therefore, we can see the different interpretation for different position because it concerns about the individual case. Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler (1968; Lawler, 1973) create a model of work motivation which is based on Vroom’s expectancy theory. At first, ‘the perceived value of rewards’ and ‘expectation that performance will lead to reward’ come to the making effort part, then there are two more element which are ‘individual abilities and traits’ and ‘role perceptions’ with ‘the effort’ to the ‘job performance’. After the job performance, you can get the rewards either from intrinsic or extrinsic side, and there is another element ‘perceived equity of rewards’ which combine with the rewards and lead to the ‘job satisfaction’. In this whole process, the each individual item should be considered into the real execution for the management because the motivation has been developed in those steps. Goal-setting Theory Edwin Locke (1968, 1975; Latham and yukl, 1975) argues that ‘goal setting is more appropriately viewed as a motivational technique rather than a formal theory’ (Lock, 1975, p. 465). There are four main points about the goal theory: challenging goals, specific goals, participation in goal settings and knowledge of results of past performance. I think Mrs. Johnson should know these four different ways of goals to control the performance of the employees because they are in the different positions, and certainly they have different goals for the jobs. The manager could help the staffs to set their goals. For example, the clothing designers are suitable for the first two goals- the challenging goals and specific goals, because they have use their creativities and try to innovate the unique collection for their design and especially the goals for the designers all depend on their own ideas and only they could put the limit to themselves so set the challenging goals and specific goals would be better for their performance. About the third goal- participation in goal setting, it is suitable to use for the other workers in the company. These employees are not responsible for the innovation, so they just have to cooperate with the new design and know how to follow the instructions. Last but not least, knowledge of results of past performance is also a kind of important information and reference for the whole staff because when they know the results of the previous project, it will help them to set the direction for the coming case. The main features could be sum up as goal difficulties, goal specificity, participation, acceptance and feedback. The whole process normally should start form the beginning, but it still could be adjusted as different positions and levels of the employees. Motivator and Hygiene Theory The idea of job enrichment was first developed by the American psychologist Frederick Herzberg (1966, 1968). Motivator factors which are for the job contents include achievement, advancement, growth, recognition, responsibility and the work itself. Hygiene factors which are in the organizational context are pay, company policy, supervisory. In this theory, Herzberg argued that improvement in the hygiene or context factors will remove dissatisfaction, but will not increase motivation and performance. It is an interesting idea that personnel manager Mrs. Johnson does not notice this very well. The hygiene rewards are more intended to the extrinsic rewards, but the intrinsic rewards are more important influences on the motivation to work. As a result, a manager cannot only use the single theory to evaluate the adaptability but should care about the real working situation of the staff. The job characteristics model is designed by Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham (1974; Hackman and Purdy, 1975). There are mainly four factors which are implementing concepts, core job dimentions, critical psychological states and personal and work outcomes and one very important indicator which is employee growth need strength (GNS). This model sets out the links between the features of jobs, the individual’s experience, and the outcomes in terms of motivation, satisfaction and performance. This model also takes into account individual differences in growth need strength (GNS), a concept of self-actualization’. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1985) From the model and the explanation, the different factors of motivation for work can be analyzed and it can try to find the real point for increase the motivation. GNS which is related to Maslow’s concept of self-actualization can indicates the willingness to welcome personal development by job enrichment. I think Mrs. Johnson can use this job characteristic model as a reference and put in practice. It is certain that it should make adjustment anytime depending on different job contents and attribution. Conclusion It is not always easy to put one kind of classic theory into the real condition and we can say the theory can only offer the basic spirit of the implementation. Mrs. Johnson indeed simplifies the management of motivation and it may neglect what the staffs really want and need. The theories of the Maslow and Herzberg’s might be simple but actually it should be taken as the basic roots of the whole concepts. Besides there are plenty of other theories which have been developed by theoretical professionals, so Mrs. Johnson should make good use of them and have a discussion with the representatives from different positions and in this way, it could have better result to boost the motivation. (1949 words)